Translation as Art: Against Flattening

Essay by HISHAM BUSTANI

English translation by ROBIN MOGER

Essay appears in the original Arabic here.

An introductory essay to Stories from Syria, a portfolio published in English by The Common and in Arabic by Akhbar Al Adab (Egypt).

 

Today, in the second installment of a transatlantic literary collaboration which I hope will last for many years to come, Akhbar Al Adab publishes the original Arabic texts of stories by Syrian writers whose English translations appear in a special portfolio in Issue 17 of The Common, a literary magazine based at Amherst College. The first portfolio in the series contained stories by Jordanian writers and was published in Issue 15 of The Common, which followed the collaborationโ€™s inaugural project: an issue of the magazine (Issue 11, Spring 2016) entirely dedicated to contemporary Arabic literature in translation entitled Tajdeed (Renewal), in which editor-in-chief Jennifer Acker and I selected stories and artworks by twenty-six writers and five artists from fifteen Arabic-speaking countries, with eighteen translators bringing the work into English.

In the years to come we hope to extend the series to cover all Arabic-speaking countries, addressing a multitude of different themes and opening a chink in the wall of indifference that surrounds translated literature in general, and Arabic literature in particular, in the English-speaking world.

The simultaneous, yet separate, publication of the English translations and their Arabic originals is significant on a number of levels. Firstly, it affirms that the English and Arabic texts are intimately connected and yet distinct; that translation is creative work in its own right. Just as dual-language publications juxtapose original-language texts with their translations, so The Common and Akhbar Al Adab appear side-by-side, each on their side of the ocean, with just a few thousand kilometres between them. This leads us to the second significance of this project: that it arrives in a world dominated by superficial assumptions, in which the political lines drawn between โ€œnorthโ€ and โ€œsouth,โ€ โ€œeastโ€ and โ€œwestโ€ (and the stereotypes that precede, accompany, and come in the wake of these politics) are determined by political and military interventions, economic hegemony, and impoverishment and exploitation bolstered by bans on movement and travel. In other words, a vast and dividing ocean lies between the English- and Arabic-speaking worlds; yet it is an ocean capable of being traversed in both directions, with effort and forethought, in defiance of cliched views and the imbalanced relationships of power and hegemony.

Because there still exists a small space in which literature stands proud, engaged in a dialogue between equals: two different but creatively and artistically matched contexts, each refusing to look down on the other, refusing to devalue, condescend to, or belittle.

We also seek to assert a preference for literary writing which is untamed, unconciliatory, and unregulated by the criteria which have come to dominate the literary scene in the Arab world today, with its prizes and foundations and the institutions of power that stand behind them. For these have turned the writer into a desperate, sweaty mess in pursuit of money, fame and stardom, panting after acceptance, status, and a share of the pie, and in the process rendering the writing itself flat and thin. Arabic literary writing (which I believe, in some of its current manifestations, equals the best creative output from any culture) deserves to be seen and translated, to be the representative of Arabic literature in the world.

In recent years, the nominees for these august prizes (choices that are sterile and boring, sometimes plain bad) have been selected by conservative states and judging panels vulnerable to outside interference. This has been Arabic literatureโ€™s gateway to translation: prizes that guarantee that the winning books become part of an ongoing self-aggrandizing pageantry.

This prize production-line supplies one part of the books that are most often selected for translation. The other is largely reserved for โ€œbestsellers,โ€ or those works that Orientalist, โ€œwesternโ€ taste finds least challenging to ingrained stereotypes derived both from earlier periods of colonization and current intervention and arrogance. That is to say, the backward, primitive Oriental with his repressed society and his repressed women, and all of it free-floating, removed from a contextual understanding of the phenomena that gave rise to them: various manifestations of local authoritarianism and then the โ€œWestโ€ itself, with its political hegemony, its monopolies, its capitalism, its racism, and its double standards.

And should the translated text be spared such treatment, there is still the jacket cover (usuallyโ€”and regardless of the bookโ€™s actual contentโ€”a woman with her features obscured behind a veil) to reestablish the text within Orientalist paradigms that offer a flattering and complacent โ€œunderstandingโ€ for its โ€œconsumer.โ€ Such jackets secure better sales as they reinforce the usual treatment of Arab literature as a branch of sociology or anthropology (a keyhole to peep through; a piece of research) that reproduces predetermined conclusions (at best) or serves to elicit sympathy and pity, which further reinforces the Westโ€™s sense of its superiority.

The world of literary magazines in the US and UK differs greatly from commercially driven book publishing. While publishers, in all their (extremely various) manifestations, must abide by the dictates of marketing, sales and profit, and have to exist as an โ€œindustryโ€ or โ€œbusiness,โ€ literary magazines are often published or supported by universities and the grants that are available for such projects. Their only priorities are literary excellence and individuality, and perhaps, too, the nature of the magazineโ€™s approach to literature. These are the standards by which the texts in The Common are chosen. Once chosen, the texts are edited in several stages, followed by thorough checking and editing of the translations, until we are able to present a concentrated dose of the highest-quality literature, offering an approximate representation of the range of approaches to literary prose being practiced in the Arabic-speaking world.

Thus we are able to make a unique addition to the ongoing discourse of translation as a โ€œbridge between culturesโ€ and a means for mutual understanding. Here, translation is tasked with shattering stereotypes and assumptions. Literary and creative considerations take priority over the superficial capacity to explain or โ€œoffer a glimpseโ€ into cultures. It challenges, or eliminates altogether, a market mentality, by refusing to take into account what a hypothetical readership might โ€œdemandโ€ or feel comfortable with. A literary magazine is not overly concerned with sales or commercial success, so it can remain immune to these considerationsโ€”a rarity in the world we live in. Magazines are what save literature from commodification.

The portfolios do not claim to be comprehensive or completely representative. Limits on space and translation budgets allow me a choice of only eight or nine writers to cover as many different approaches and generations as possible. Yet at the same time, the selections function effectively as a curated sample through which one can interrogate developments in Arabic literature and the influences upon it, observe the transformation that literary texts undergo at the hands of experienced translators, and finally, give literary production in Arabic the impetus it needs to keep moving forward, which it might not otherwise receive.

The writing in this Syrian portfolio spans a wide range of styles, from classically structured short stories to more experimental, condensed prose; from documentary realism to forms in which hallucination and memory permeate and distort real events; from black humor to tragedy and horror; from myths recast in contemporary settings to the mythologizing of our lived reality; from sudden surprises and shocks to contemplation and deliberation.

These stories draw us down into the depths of the tragedy befalling Syria and its people, events which have become part of the background of our lives. Despite what one might think, the war in Syria did not begin less than a decade ago. The wound is deeper. Haidar Haidar traces it back to 1968, in a story which examines the outward and inward disintegration of a former prisoner following his physical and mental torture at the hands of the Zionists. The nuanced emotional landscapes of Ibrahim Samuelโ€™s three stories concerning an escapee, an outlaw and a prisoner follow Odai Al Zoubiโ€™s two-part account of a pair of friends meeting at a mall in Dubai โ€œafter the eventsโ€ (that is, with the trauma of the recent Syrian uprising behind them).

Just as in reality, oppression here takes a number of forms: it shows its faces. Sometimes it is authoritarian, the direct censorship and surveillance we find in Colette Bahnaโ€™s ูˆ, or it is the patriarchal, social, hypocritical forces at work in Shahla Al Ujayliโ€™s The Memories of Cinderellaโ€™s Slipper, or the menacing abstractions we find in Mohammed Ibrahim Nawayaโ€™s fragments. Rawโ€™a Sunbul dissects the impact of oppression, siege, hunger, and fear on oneโ€™s inner state, while Luqman Derki takes us on a unique and highly entertaining journey to the border zones of social-cultural-political interaction between Kurds and Arabs and Turks, making black humor the tool with which he probes the daily farce of a social life that recognizes no true essential differences, but which has been fragmented by divisions imposed from outside.

That all these writers come from the same country and yet live scattered around the world will not be lost on the reader. Two live in Damascus. Haidar Haidar lives a self-contained existence in the village of his birth, Husayn Al Baher, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Two more are in Jordan, and one each in Sudan, France, and Sweden. In light of this, these texts are a kind of creative grappling with memory and longing, homeland and identity, location and existence, and with yesterday, today, and tomorrow.

Finally, we must mention all those whose efforts have contributed to this project, starting with the translators who brought these stories into English: Maia Tabet, Jonathan Wright, Alice Guthrie, and Robin Moger. Much praise is owed to my partner in editing the translations, founder and editor-in-chief of The Common Jennifer Acker, whose constant support and encouragement has driven this project forward. Many thanks, too, to Tariq Al Taher, editor-in-chief of Akhbar Al Adab, for taking such an interest in this collaboration and for publishing the Arabic texts in a dedicated section of his paper. I must also express my gratitude to the Hindiyeh Museum of Art for making available a selection of its holdings by some of Syriaโ€™s greatest artists to be published alongside the stories, turning the portfolio into a conversation between its different parts, complete in its multiplicity.

 


In Arabic from Akhbar Al Adab (Egypt)

ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑุฌู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ูู†ู‘ุŒ ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุชุณุทูŠุญ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ

ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ู„ู…ู„ูู‘ “ู‚ุตุต ู…ู† ุณูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ” ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุฒุงู…ู† ููŠ “ุฐูŠ ูƒูˆู…ูˆู†” (ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชู‘ุญุฏุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ) ูˆุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ (ู…ุตุฑุŒ ุจุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ)

ู‡ุดุงู… ุงู„ุจุณุชุงู†ูŠ

ู„ู„ู…ุฑู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุจุชุนุงูˆู†ู ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ ุฐูŠ ุณูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ุฑููŠุนุฉ ุณูŠุณุชู…ุฑู‘ ู„ุณู†ูˆุงุชู ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ (ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุขู…ู„) ุจูŠู† ุทุฑููŠู‘ ุงู„ุฃุทู„ุณูŠู‘ุŒ ุชู†ุดุฑ ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุŒ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ ู„ู‚ุตุต ุฎุทู‘ุชู‡ุง ุฃู‚ู„ุงู… ูƒุงุชุจุงุช ูˆูƒุชู‘ุงุจ ู…ู† ุณูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ู„ูู‘ู ุฎุงุตู‘ู ู…ูˆุงุฒู ูˆู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุŒ ุชู†ุดุฑู‡ ู…ุฌู„ุฉ “ุฐูŠ ูƒูˆู…ูˆู†” ุงู„ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุขู…ู‡ูŠุฑุณุช ุงู„ุนุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชู‘ุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ุฑู‚ู… 17 (ุฑุจูŠุน 2019). ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุชุถู…ู‘ู† ู‚ุตุตู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู†ุŒ ูˆู†ูุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุฑู‚ู… 15 (ุฑุจูŠุน 2018)ุŒ ุฃู…ุง ูุงุชุญุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‘ุนุงูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุŒ ููƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ 11 (ุฑุจูŠุน 2016): ุนุฏุฏ ูƒุงู…ู„ูŒ ุฎุงุตู‘ูŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉุŒ ุตุฏุฑ ุชุญุช ุนู†ูˆุงู†: “ุชุฌุฏูŠุฏ”ุŒ ุญุฑู‘ุฑุชูู‡ู ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌูˆุงุฑ ุฑุฆูŠุณุฉ ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ “ุฐูŠ ูƒูˆู…ูˆู†” ุฌูŠู†ูŠูุฑ ุขูƒุฑุŒ ุฎูุตู‘ุต ูƒุงู…ู„ู‹ุง ู„ู„ู‚ุตู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุถู…ู‘ ู‚ุตุตู‹ุง ู„ู€ู26 ูƒุงุชุจู‹ุง ูˆูƒุงุชุจุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุงุช ู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูู†ู‘ุงู†ูŠู† ูˆูู†ู‘ุงู†ุงุชุŒ ู…ู† 15 ุจู„ุฏู‹ุง ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ู‹ุงุŒ ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ู†ุตูˆุตู‡ู… 18 ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ู‹ุง ูˆู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ. ู‡ูƒุฐุงุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุฃุนูˆุงู… ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ูƒู…ุง ุขู…ูู„ุŒ ุณู†ู…ุฑู‘ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุซูŠู…ุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆู…ุชุนุฏู‘ุฏุฉุŒ ู„ู†ูุชุญ ุซุบุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู„ุงู…ุจุงู„ุงุฉ ุงู„ุนู†ูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุงุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ู…ูุชุฑุฌู… ุนู…ูˆู…ู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ ุงู„ู…ูุชุฑุฌู… ุฎุตูˆุตู‹ุงุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุทู‚ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ.

ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ “ุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู†ูŠู‘” ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุดุฑ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุŒ ู‡ุงู…ู‘ูŒ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุนุฏู‘ุฉ ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ: ุฃูˆู‘ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชู‘ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุจู„ุบุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุงู„ู…ูุชุฑุฌู…ุฉุŒ ู…ุชุฑุงุจุทุฉูŒ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ุง ู…ู†ูุตู„ุฉ ููŠ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑุฌู…ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูุนู„ ุฅุจุฏุงุนูŠู‘ ู‚ุงุฆู… ุจุฐุงุชู‡ุ› ูˆู…ุซู„ู…ุง ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฑ ูˆุชู†ูุตู„ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุซู†ุงุฆูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉุŒ ูŠุญุตู„ ู‡ุฐุง “ุงู„ุชู‘ุฌุงูˆุฑ” ุจูŠู† “ุฐูŠ ูƒูˆู…ูˆู†” ูˆ”ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ” ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุถูู‘ุชูŠ ู…ุญูŠุทุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุงุช.

ูŠุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุซู‘ุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‘ุฒุงู…ู†: ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ููŠ ุณูŠุงู‚ ุตูˆุฑ ุณุทุญูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุณุจู‚ุฉ ุจุงุชุช ู…ูู‡ูŠู…ู†ุฉ ูˆูƒุงุณุญุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฏุฎู‘ู„ ุณูŠุงุณูŠู‘ ูˆุนุณูƒุฑูŠู‘ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠู…ู†ุฉ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุฅูู‚ุงุฑู ูˆุงุณุชุบู„ุงู„ ูŠุชุฑุงูู‚ุงู† ู…ุน ู…ู†ุนู ู„ู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ุŒ ุชุทุจุน ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠู‘ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชู‘ุตูˆู‘ุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏู‘ูู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุงููู‚ุฉ ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ู‘ุงุญู‚ุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ุจูŠู† “ุงู„ุดู‘ู…ุงู„” ูˆ”ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ”ุŒ ุฃูˆ “ุงู„ุบุฑุจ” ูˆ”ุงู„ุดู‘ุฑู‚”ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ู‡ ู…ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท: ู…ุชู‘ุณุน ูˆุดุงุณุน ูˆูุงุตู„ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ู‚ุงุจู„ูŒ (ุจุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ูˆุงู„ุชู‘ููƒูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชู‘ุฎุทูŠุท) ุฃู† ูŠูุนุจุฑ ุจุงู„ุงุชู‘ุฌุงู‡ูŠู†ุŒ ุจุนูŠุฏู‹ุง ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุตูˆู‘ุฑุงุชุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‚ูŠุถ ู…ู† ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุณู„ู‘ุท ุฃุญุงุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุงุชู‘ุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุฑุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุณู‘ูŠุงุณุฉ.

ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ู‡ู†ุง ูŠู‚ู ูƒุงู…ู„ู‹ุงุŒ ู…ูุฎุชุงู„ู‹ุงุŒ ุฏุงูุนู‹ุง ุตุฏุฑู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…: ู†ูˆุนูŒ ู…ู† ุญูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุงุฏ ุจูŠู† ุณูŠุงู‚ูŠู† ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุนูŠู‘ ูˆุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุŒ ูŠุฑูุถ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠูŽู†ุธุฑ ุจุงุณุชุนู„ุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ูŠูŽุญุทู‘ ู…ู† ู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ูŠูู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุจุงุณุชุฎูุงูู ูˆุฏูˆู†ูŠู‘ุฉ.

ุงู„ุซู‘ุบุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู†ูุชุญู‡ุง ุงู†ุญูŠุงุฒู‹ุง ู„ู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆู‘ุถุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู…ูู‡ุงุฏู†ูุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุถุจุทุฉ ุจู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุตุงุฑุช ุชุญูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจูŠู‘ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุŒ ุจุฌูˆุงุฆุฒู‡ ูˆู…ุคุณุณู‘ุงุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุณู‘ู„ุทุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ู ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ ุฅุฐ ุชูุนู„ ูุนู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒุงุชุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ูู„ุงู…ู ู„ุงู‡ุซู ุฎู„ู ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุดู‘ู‡ุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…ูŠู‘ุฉุ› ุฎู„ู ุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญุธูˆุฉุŒ ู…ูุณุทู‘ุญู‹ุง ูุนู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ. ุชุณุชุญู‚ู‘ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ (ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑุงู‡ุง -ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุชุฌู„ูŠู‘ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…- ูˆุงู‚ูุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ ู…ุน ุฃุจุฏุน ุฅู†ุชุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ุซู‘ู‚ุงูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰) ุฃู† ูŠูุดุงุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุชูุชุฑุฌู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ุซู‘ู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ ู„ู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ู…ูุณุงู‡ู…ุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠู‘ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู‘.

ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุนูˆุงู… ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุจุงุชุช ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุฆุฒ ุงู„ุจุงุฐุฎุฉ (ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ู…ูุนู‚ู‘ู…ุฉุŒ ุนุงุฏูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุฑุฏูŠุฆุฉ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง)ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฏูˆู„ูŒ ูˆุณู„ุทุงุชูŒ ู…ูุญุงูุธุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุฌุงู† ุชุญูƒูŠู… ู„ุง ุชุชู…ุชู‘ุน ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุญุตุงู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฏุฎู‘ู„ ููŠ ู…ุฏุงูˆู„ุงุชู‡ุง ูˆู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุชู‡ุงุŒ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ ู„ู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉุŒ ุฅุฐ ุชุชุนู‡ู‘ุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุฆุฒ ุจุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ูุงุฆุฒูŠู† ุจู‡ุง ุถู…ู† ุฅุทุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุฑู†ูุงู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฐุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญูŠุท ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุจู‡.

ุฌุฒุกูŒ ู…ู† ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุตุงุฑ ู…ุญูƒูˆู…ู‹ุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠูุญูƒู… ุฌุฒุกูŒ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุจู†ุฌุงุญุงุช “ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุจูŠุนู‹ุง”ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฐุงุฆู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุดุฑุงู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ “ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ” ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู†ุชู‚ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ู…ุง ูŠู†ุงุณุจ ุงู„ุตู‘ููˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุณุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุงุณุฎุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุญุจุฉ ู„ูุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชุนู„ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชุฏุฎู‘ู„ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุซู‘ู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู€”ุดุฑู‚ูŠู‘” ุงู„ู…ุชุฎู„ู‘ูุŒ ุงู„ู‡ู…ุฌูŠู‘ุŒ ูˆู…ุฌุชู…ุนู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒุจูˆุชุŒ ูˆุงู…ุฑุฃุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู…ูˆุนุฉุŒ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุณูŠุงู‚ ุงู„ุธูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ููˆู„ู‘ุฏุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ุŒ ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณู‘ู„ุทุฉ ุจุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆ”ุงู„ุบุฑุจ” ู†ูุณู‡ ุจู‡ูŠู…ู†ุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุงุญุชูƒุงุฑุงุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุฑุฃุณู…ุงู„ูŠู‘ุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุนู†ุตุฑูŠู‘ุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุงุฒุฏูˆุงุฌูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑู‡.

ูˆุญุชู‘ู‰ ุฅู† ู†ุฌุง ุงู„ู†ุตู‘ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌูŽู… ู†ูุณู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉุŒ ูู„ู† ูŠู†ุฌูˆ ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ (ุนุงุฏุฉู‹: ุงู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุชุฎุชููŠ ู…ู„ุงู…ุญ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุฎู„ู ุฎู…ุงุฑุŒ ุจุบุถู‘ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน) ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุนูŠุฏ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู†ุตู‘ ููŠ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุงุณุชุดุฑุงู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูู‚ุฏู‘ู… “ูู‡ู…ู‹ุง” ู…ูุฑูŠุญู‹ุง ูˆู…ูุฑุถูŠู‹ุง ู„ู„ู€”ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ”ุŒ ุชุถู…ู† ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุนุงุช ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉุŒ ููŠู…ุง ุชุชุนุงู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุตูˆู‘ุฑุงุช ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ -ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ- ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏู‹ุง ู„ุญู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏู‘ุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซุฑุจูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠู‘ุฉ: ุซู‚ุจูŒ ู„ู„ุชู„ุตู‘ุตุŒ ูˆ”ุงู„ุจุญุซ”ุŒ ูˆ”ุงู„ุฏู‘ุฑุณ”ุŒ ู„ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉู ู…ูุตุงุบุฉู ุณู„ูู‹ุงุŒ ุฃูˆ (ููŠ ุฃุญุณู† ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„) ูƒู…ุงุฏู‘ุฉ ู„ุจุซู‘ ุงู„ุชู‘ุนุงุทูุŒ ูˆุงู„ุดู‘ูู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุง ูŠุณุชุชุจุนู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ู “ุงู„ู…ุชููˆู‘ู‚” ู„ู„ุบุฑุจ.

ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนุงู„ู… ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชู‘ุญุฏุฉ ูˆุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุงุŒ ุนู† ุตู†ูˆู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠู‘ ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ ุจุงู„ูƒุชุจ. ูููŠ ุญูŠู† ูŠุชู…ุณู‘ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ (ุจุฃุดูƒุงู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฏู‘ุฉ) ุจุถุฑูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชู‘ุณูˆูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจูŠุนุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฑู‘ุจุญุŒ ูˆูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ “ุตู†ุงุนุฉ” ุฃูˆ “ุจูุฒู’ู†ูุณ”ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ูŠุตุฏุฑ (ููŠ ุฃุบู„ุจู‡) ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุชุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุจุบูŠ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุจุญุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูˆู‘ู„ ู†ูุณู‡ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ู†ูุณู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุญ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุดุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒุงุช. ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู„ู„ุฌุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุชู‘ุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู…ุซู‘ู„ู‡ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุดุฑ ููŠ ู…ู„ูู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ููŠ “ุฐูŠ ูƒูˆู…ูˆู†”ุŒ ู…ุถุงูู‹ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุทุจู‚ุงุช ู…ุชุนุฏู‘ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ูˆู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุชุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ู‘ ุชุญุฑูŠุฑู‡ุงุŒ ู„ู†ู‚ุฏู‘ู…ุŒ ูˆุจุดูƒู„ู ุนุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆุฏุฉุŒ ย ุฌุฑุนุฉ ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุฑูƒู‘ุฒุฉุŒ ุชู…ุซู‘ู„ ู†ุณุจูŠู‘ู‹ุง ุงุชู‘ุฌุงู‡ุงุช ูˆุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘.

ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู†ูˆุนูŠู‘ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุฑู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุฏู‘ู… ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ุง ุฌุณุฑู‹ุง ุจูŠู† ุซู‚ุงูุชูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ุชุนุงุฑูู‡ู…ุง. ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑุฌู…ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ุฉ ูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ูˆุงู„ุชุตูˆู‘ุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุจู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ “ูู†ูŠู‘” ูˆ”ุฅุจุฏุงุนูŠู‘” ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ููŠุฏูŒ ู„ู€”ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช” ุจุดูƒู„ู ุณุทุญูŠู‘ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชู„ุตู‘ุต ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุ› ูˆุชุญุฏู‘ูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฅู„ุบุงุกุŒ “ู…ู†ุทู‚ ุงู„ุณู‘ูˆู‚” ุจุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฑู‘ูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ “ู…ุง ูŠุทู„ุจู‡” ุฃูˆ ูŠุณุชุณูŠุบู‡ ุฃูˆ ูŠุฑุชุงุญ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ. ูˆู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ุถู…ู† ุฃูˆู„ูˆูŠู‘ุงุชู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู‡ู…ูˆู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูŠุน ูˆุงู„ู†ู‘ุฌุงุญ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ ุตุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุชุฌู†ู‘ุจ ุฃูŠู‘ุฉ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุชุฌุงุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ูุนุงุตุฑ ุชูˆูู‘ุฑู‡ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุงุชุŒ ูŠู†ุฌูˆ ุจูˆุณุงุทุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูู†ู‘ ู…ู† ุฃูŽุณู’ุฑ ุงู„ุชู‘ุณู„ูŠุน.

ู„ุง ุชุฏู‘ุนูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ุงุช ุฃูŠู‘ุฉ ุดู…ูˆู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ูƒู„ูŠู‘ุŒ ูู…ุญุฏูˆุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุตูุญุงุช ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฒู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฎุตู‘ุตุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉุŒ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชุณุนุฉ ูƒุงุชุจุงุช ูˆูƒุชู‘ุงุจ ู…ู† ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ูˆุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ูˆุชูˆุฌู‘ู‡ุงุช ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู†ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุจุงุจ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ูŠูู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูƒุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ ู…ูุฎุชุงุฑุฉุŒ ุขู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ูุณุงุกู„ุฉ ุชุญูˆู‘ู„ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ูˆุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉุŒ ูˆุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุชุญูˆู‘ู„ุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ู† ู„ุบุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ูˆู…ุชุฑุฌู…ูŠู† ู‚ุฏูŠุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฏู‘ูุน ุจุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุขูุงู‚ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ุชูุชุงุญ ู„ู‡ุง ุฏูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงูุฐุฉ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุซุงู„ุซุฉ.

ุชุชุฑุงูˆุญ ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู‚ุตุต ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ู„ุชุดู…ู„ ู…ุฑูˆุญุฉ ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ู…ูุนุจู‘ุฑุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุณูŠูƒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุฌุฑูŠุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุชูƒุซูŠูู‹ุงุ› ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุชุชุฏุงุฎู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู‡ู„ูˆุณุงุช ุจุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุงุช ุจุงู„ูˆู‚ุงุฆุนุ› ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‘ุฎุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงุกุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฃุณุงูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูุฌุงุฆุนูŠู‘ุฉุ› ู…ู† ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู‚ุตุต ุฃุณุทูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุณูŠุงู‚ ู…ุนุงุตุฑุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณุทุฑุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ูุนุงุตุฑ ู†ูุณู‡ ูˆุชุฑููŠุนู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุ› ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู‘ู‡ุดุฉ ูˆุงู„ุตู‘ุฏู…ุฉุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ุชู…ู‡ู‘ู„.

ุชุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ู‚ุตุต ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู…ู‚ ู…ุฃุณุงุฉ ุณูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณู‘ูˆุฑูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ุขู† ุญุฏุซู‹ุง ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ู‹ุง ุนุงุจุฑู‹ุงุŒ ู…ุฃุณุงุฉ ู„ู… ุชุจุฏุฃ ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุนู‚ุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ูƒู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠูุธู†ู‘ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุฑุญ ุนู…ูŠู‚ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ู…ู„ูู‘ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุนุงู… 1968 ุจู‚ุตู‘ุฉ ู„ุญูŠุฏุฑ ุญูŠุฏุฑ ุชุจุญุซ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠู‘ ูˆุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠู‘ ู„ู…ุนุชู‚ู„ ุณุงุจู‚ ุนุฐู‘ุจู‡ ุงู„ุตู‘ู‡ุงูŠู†ุฉ ุฌุณุฏูŠู‘ู‹ุง ูˆู†ูุณูŠู‘ู‹ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฅูุฑุงุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆูŠู…ุฑู‘ ุจุงู„ุญุณุงุณูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‘ู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ู‡ุงุฑุจุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ูุทุงุฑุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ุณู‘ุฌูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุจุญุซู‡ุง ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุตู…ูˆุฆูŠู„ ููŠ ู‚ุตุต ุซู„ุงุซุŒ ูˆูŠุณุชู…ุฑู‘ ุจุฃุญุงุฏูŠุซ ุจูŠู† ุตุฏูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ููŠ ู…ูˆู„ ููŠ ุฏุจูŠู‘ “ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซ” (ุฃูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ) ููŠ ู‚ุตุชูŠู† ู„ุนุฏูŠู‘ ุงู„ุฒุนุจูŠ.

ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุน ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‹ุง ุนุฏู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆูˆุฌูˆู‡ู‹ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ: ูู‡ูˆ ุชุงุฑุฉู‹ ู‚ู…ุน ุณู„ุทูˆูŠู‘ ูŠุชู…ุซู‘ู„ ุจุงู„ุฑู‘ู‚ุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชู†ุตู‘ุช ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ู‚ุตู‘ุฉ ูƒูˆู„ูŠุช ุจู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุฐูƒูˆุฑูŠู‘ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠู‘ ู†ูุงู‚ูŠู‘ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ู‚ุตู‘ุฉ ุดู‡ู„ุง ุงู„ุนุฌูŠู„ูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุชุฌุฑูŠุฏุงุช ุฐู‡ู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุชุญูˆู‘ู„ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ูƒุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ุฏู‘ู…ู‡ุง ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ู†ูˆุงูŠุง ููŠ ุดุฐุฑุงุชู‡. ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุจู†ุง ุฑูˆุนุฉ ุณู†ุจู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ู‚ู…ุน ูˆุงู„ุญุตุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุน ูˆุงู„ุฎูˆูุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู‘ุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠู‘ ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ูŠุญู…ู„ู†ุง ู„ู‚ู…ุงู† ุฏูŠุฑูƒูŠ ููŠ ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ “ุงู„ุชู…ุงุณู‘” ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠู‘ุฉ-ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠู‘ุฉ-ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุฌุงุนู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‘ุฎุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณู‘ูˆุฏุงุกุŒ ูˆุงู„ุธู‘ูุฑูุŒ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู„ุณุจุฑ ุบูˆุฑ ุงู„ุนุจุซ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ ู„ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠู‘ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุฏู‘ ุฏูˆู† ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ููƒู‘ูƒ ู‚ุณุฑู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฎุงุฑุฌู‡ ุจุญุฏูˆุฏ ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ูุฑูˆุถุฉ.

ู„ู† ูŠุฎูู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฆ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุซู‘ู„ ููŠ ุชูˆุฒู‘ุน ูƒูุชู‘ุงุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ (ูˆู‡ู… ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ู…ู† ุจู„ุฏู ูˆุงุญุฏ) ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุฑุฌุงุก ุงู„ุฌุบุฑุงููŠุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠู‘ุฉ: ู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ูŠู‚ูŠู… ููŠ ุฏู…ุดู‚ุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ูŠู‚ูŠู… ู…ุนุชูƒูู‹ุง ููŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุชู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ู‘ “ุญุตูŠู† ุงู„ุจุญุฑ” ุนู„ู‰ ุณุงุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ูŠู‚ูŠู… ููŠ ุงู„ุณู‘ูˆุฏุงู†ุŒ ูˆุขุฎุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู†ู‘ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุณู‘ูˆูŠุฏุŒ ูˆูุฑู†ุณุงุŒ ู„ุฐุงุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ุจู†ุตูˆุตู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุดูƒู„ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุงุดุชุจุงูƒ ุงู„ูู†ูŠู‘ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูˆุทู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุนุŒ ูˆุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุณุŒ ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูˆุบุฏู‹ุง.

ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุง ุจุฏู‘ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ูŠู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ุŒ ุฅุฐ ู‚ุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ู‚ุตุต ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฒูŠู† ู‡ู…: ู…ุงูŠุง ุซุงุจุชุŒ ุฌูˆู†ุงุซุงู† ุฑุงูŠุชุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ุฌูˆุซุฑูŠุŒ ูˆุฑูˆุจู† ู…ูˆุฌุฑุŒ ูˆุดุงุฑูƒุชู†ูŠ ููŠ ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุฑุฆูŠุณุฉ ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ู…ุฌู„ู‘ุฉ “ุฐูŠ ูƒูˆู…ูˆู†” ุฌูŠู†ูŠูุฑ ุขูƒุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุญู‚ู‘ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฏุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุฏูุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู‚ุฏู…ู‹ุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุณุชุญู‚ู‘ ุทุงุฑู‚ ุงู„ุทุงู‡ุฑุŒ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจุŒ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ู‡ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุŒ ูˆู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ุจุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุถู…ู† ู…ู„ุญู‚ ุฎุงุต ู…ู†ูุตู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุตุญูŠูุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุดูƒุฑ ู…ุชุญู ู‡ู†ุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู„ูู†ูˆู† ู„ุฅุชุงุญุชู‡ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู‡ุงู…ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุชู†ูŠุงุชู‡ ู„ูู†ู‘ุงู†ูŠู† ู…ุชู…ูŠู‘ุฒูŠู† ู…ู† ุณูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ู„ุชู†ุดุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌูˆุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุตุŒ ู„ูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ู…ู„ูู‘ ุฃุดุจู‡ ุจุญูˆุงุฑ ูู†ูŠู‘ ุชุชุฌุงุฏู„ ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู†ุงุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุชุชูƒุงู…ู„.

ู‡ุดุงู… ุงู„ุจุณุชุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุญุฑู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ “ุฐูŠ ูƒูˆู…ูˆู†”ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูƒุงุชุจ ูˆู‚ุงุตู‘ ูˆุดุงุนุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู†ุŒ ุตุฏุฑ ู„ู‡: ุนู† ุงู„ุญุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุช (ุงู„ูุงุฑุงุจูŠุŒ 2008)ุŒ ุงู„ููˆุถู‰ ุงู„ุฑุชูŠุจุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ (ุงู„ูุงุฑุจูŠุŒ 2010)ุŒ ุฃุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ (ุงู„ุขุฏุงุจุŒ 2012)ุŒ ู…ู‚ุฏู‘ู…ุงุช ู„ุง ุจุฏู‘ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู„ูู†ุงุกู ู…ุคุฌู„ (ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุŒ 2014)ุŒ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ูŒ ุทูˆูŠู„ูŒ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู‘ ุดูŠุก (ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุฎุงู†ุŒ 2018). ูˆุตูู ุจุฃู†ู‡ “ููŠ ุทู„ูŠุนุฉ ุฌูŠู„ ุบุถุจ ุนุฑุจูŠ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ ุฑุงุจุทู‹ุง ุจูŠู† ุญุฏุงุซุฉ ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ุง ุชุญุฏู‘ู‡ุง ุญุฏูˆุฏุŒ ูˆุจูŠู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุฌุฐุฑูŠู‘ุฉ”. ุชูุฑุฌู…ุช ู‚ุตุตู‡ ูˆู†ุตูˆุตู‡ ุงู„ุดุนุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู„ุบุงุช ุนุฏู‘ุฉ ูƒุงู„ุฅุณุจุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ููŠุชู†ุงู…ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู†ูุดุฑุช ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฏูˆุฑูŠู‘ุงุช ุจุงุฑุฒุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชู‘ุญุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุงุŒ ูˆูƒู†ุฏุงุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุฑู„ู†ุฏุง. ุงุฎุชุงุฑุชู‡ ู…ุฌู„ุฉ ุฐูŠ ูƒู„ุชุดุฑ ุชุฑูุจ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฃุจุฑุฒ ุณุชู‘ุฉ ูƒุชู‘ุงุจ ู…ุนุงุตุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู† ุนุงู… 2013. ุญุงุฒ ูƒุชุงุจู‡ ุฃุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุขุฑูƒู†ุณูˆ (ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ) ู„ู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ ูˆุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ ู„ู„ุนุงู… 2014ุŒ ูˆุตุฏุฑ ุจู†ุณุฎุชู‡ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุนุงู… 2015 ุนู† ุฏุงุฑ ู†ุดุฑ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุณูŠุฑุงูƒูŠูˆุฒ โ€“ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ. ุฃุฏุฑุฌุช ุฅุญุฏู‰ ู‚ุตุตู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฃู†ุทูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠู‘ ุงู„ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ู„ู€ ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุขุณูŠูˆูŠู‘ุฉ(ุณู†ุบุงููˆุฑุฉุŒ 2017). ุญุงุฒ ุนุงู… 2017 ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุงู„ุฅู‚ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุจูŠู„ู‘ุงุฌูŠูˆ (ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠุง) ุงู„ุชู‘ุงุจุน ู„ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุฑูˆูƒูู„ุฑ.

 

Hisham Bustaniย is Arabic Fiction Editor for The Common. He is an award-winning Jordanian author of five collections of short fiction and poetry. He is acclaimed for his bold style and unique narrative voice, and often experiments with the boundaries of short fiction and prose poetry. Much of his work revolves around issues related to social and political change, particularly the dystopian experience of post-colonial modernity in the Arab world.ย Hishamโ€™s fiction and poetry have been translated into many languages, with English-language translations appearing in prestigious journals across the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, includingย The Kenyon Review,ย The Poetry Review,ย Modern Poetry in Translation, World Literature Today, andย The Los Angeles Review of Books.ย He is the recipient of the Rockefeller Foundationโ€™s Bellagio Residency for Artists and Writers for 2017.

Robin Moger is a translator of Arabic prose and poetry based in Cape Town, South Africa.

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